Ancient Hunter-Gatherers in Chile Show Consistent Trauma, Study Finds
A new study conducted by researchers at Tulane University has revealed that violence was a frequent occurrence in the lives of ancient hunter-gatherer communities in Chile. The study, co-authored by John Verano, a biological anthropologist and professor at Tulane School of Liberal Arts, provides valuable insights into the patterns of violence among these societies over a 10,000-year period.
Archaeological research has long indicated that interpersonal violence and warfare played significant roles in the lives of hunter-gatherer groups. However, many questions have remained unanswered regarding the factors influencing such violence. The population record in northern Chile spans several millennia, offering a unique opportunity to study the patterns of violence over time.
Verano collaborated with lead study author Vivien Standen from the University of Tarapacá, Chile, to examine potential cases of skull fractures among skeletal remains dating back 10,000 years. By analyzing the timing of these injuries and whether they had healed or were likely to be fatal, the researchers determined if they resulted from accidents or interpersonal violence.
The study focused on the remains of 288 adult individuals from burial sites across the Atacama Desert coast in northern Chile. The researchers also studied weaponry patterns and artistic depictions of combat during this period. Surprisingly, they discovered that rates of violence remained static over time. However, there was a notable increase in lethal violence during the Formative Period, which began around 1000 BC. Similar trends have been observed in other studies of the Andean region. Notably, the interpersonal violence occurred within local groups rather than between locals and foreign populations, as indicated by data from strontium isotopes.
These findings suggest that violence was a consistent part of the lives of ancient populations in Chile for thousands of years. The absence of a centralized political system during this time might have contributed to the persistent violent tensions in the region. Additionally, the extreme desert environment and competition for resources, particularly as farming became more prevalent, could have exacerbated these violent tendencies.
The study provides valuable insights into the violent history of ancient hunter-gatherer communities in Chile. By understanding the factors contributing to violence in these societies, researchers hope to gain a better understanding of human behavior and societal dynamics throughout history. This study serves as a reminder that violence has been an enduring aspect of human existence, and exploring its origins can contribute to our knowledge of the world we inhabit.
